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SHIKOKU: Japan’s Authentic Buddhist <\/span>Pilgrimage Circuit<\/span><\/p>\n Him Lal Ghimire<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Professor\/Founder at REHDON College (Affiliated with Tribhuvan University), Nepal; Visiting <\/span>fellow, Japan Foundation at Nanzan Institute for Religion and Culture, Nanzan University, <\/span>Nagoya and International Research Center for Japanese Studies (Nichibunken), Kyoto; Tourism <\/span>Expert\/Writer\/Planner and Editorial Board Member, the GAZE Journal of Tourism and <\/span>Hospitality. E-mail: himghimire@gmail.com<\/span><\/p>\n Abstract<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Cultures and heritages are any country’s unique properties, attractions, and <\/span>identities. Cultures and heritages hold great importance for communities around the world. <\/span>The history of modern tourism is not as old as pilgrimage tourism- the oldest concept or <\/span>original art of travelling. The ideal pilgrimage is an expression of the human aspiration for <\/span>perfection, and those myths and legends associated with sacred journeys define the ideal <\/span>and structured symbols for its enactment. Pilgrimage is a moving meditation. On <\/span>pilgrimage, you walk; however, it is the process of spiritual purification in your body and <\/span>mind. The ascetic wanderings of individuals took the form of pilgrimage routes, which <\/span>were then adopted by the aristocracy and, later, the common masses. In early modern <\/span>Japan, many sacred places lured pilgrims from near and far by claiming that they were <\/span>sanctuaries where familiar deities manifested to the human world. Pilgrimage visit to <\/span>multiple sites has been widely practised for a long time in Hinduism (e.g. four dharma <\/span>visits in India are supposed to be completed by the final visit of Pashupatinath in Nepal). <\/span>Likewise, the Buddha mentioned four places that a pious disciple should visit and look <\/span>upon with feelings of reverence. It is, for instance, a common practice for pilgrims doing <\/span>multiple-site routes in Japan, and Shikoku is the one. The Shikoku, 88 Sacred Places <\/span>pilgrimage (henro) is one of Japan’s authentic, most prominent, evocative and photogenic <\/span>pilgrimages with a highly developed pilgrimage culture. Ko\u0304bo\u0304 Daishi (774\u2013835), a <\/span>miracle-working figure with origins in the Japanese Buddhist tradition comprised of <\/span>several ancient local pilgrimages and developed this pilgrimage route. The beginnings of <\/span>the Shikoku pilgrimage date back to the ninth century when the Buddhist priest Kukai, <\/span>later to be canonised as Ko\u0304bo\u0304 Daishi, made a journey around the Shikoku Island in his <\/span>search of enlightenment. The pilgrims may fulfil their wishes, gain an inner feeling ofsomething missing in their lives, experience Japanese culture, self-improvement and <\/span>personal satisfaction, broaden their understanding of Buddhism, improve mental and <\/span>personal health, and more in Shikoku. The government and tourist organisations should <\/span>promote the Shikoku pilgrimage in Japan and worldwide.<\/span><\/p>\n Keywords<\/strong> Buddhism . Heritage . Culture . Enlightenment . Self-improvement<\/span><\/p>\n https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55156\/jjsem.dec2120<\/span><\/p>\n [\/fusion_text][fusion_button link=”https:\/\/department-of-japanese-studies.local\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/20.-Him.pdf” text_transform=”” title=”” target=”_self” link_attributes=”” alignment=”” modal=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” class=”” id=”” color=”custom” button_gradient_top_color=”” button_gradient_bottom_color=”” button_gradient_top_color_hover=”” button_gradient_bottom_color_hover=”” accent_color=”” accent_hover_color=”” type=”” bevel_color=”” border_width=”” border_radius=”” border_color=”” border_hover_color=”” size=”medium” stretch=”yes” icon=”” icon_position=”left” icon_divider=”no” animation_type=”” animation_direction=”left” animation_speed=”0.3″ animation_offset=””]Download[\/fusion_button][\/fusion_builder_column][\/fusion_builder_row][\/fusion_builder_container]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" [fusion_builder_container hundred_percent=”no” hundred_percent_height=”no” hundred_percent_height_scroll=”no” hundred_percent_height_center_content=”yes” equal_height_columns=”no” menu_anchor=”” hide_on_mobile=”small-visibility,medium-visibility,large-visibility” status=”published” publish_date=”” class=”” id=”” link_color=”” link_hover_color=”” border_size=”” border_color=”” border_style=”solid” margin_top=”” margin_bottom=”” padding_top=”” padding_right=”” padding_bottom=”” padding_left=”” gradient_start_color=”” gradient_end_color=”” gradient_start_position=”0″ gradient_end_position=”100″ gradient_type=”linear” radial_direction=”center center” linear_angle=”180″ background_color=”” background_image=”” background_position=”center center” background_repeat=”no-repeat” fade=”no” background_parallax=”none” enable_mobile=”no” parallax_speed=”0.3″ background_blend_mode=”none” video_mp4=”” video_webm=”” video_ogv=”” video_url=”” video_aspect_ratio=”16:9″ video_loop=”yes” video_mute=”yes” video_preview_image=”” filter_hue=”0″ filter_saturation=”100″ filter_brightness=”100″ filter_contrast=”100″ filter_invert=”0″ filter_sepia=”0″…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_eb_attr":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[17,18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2981","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-journals-of-djs","category-number-1-december-2021","category-17","category-18","description-off"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/djs.du.ac.bd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2981","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/djs.du.ac.bd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/djs.du.ac.bd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/djs.du.ac.bd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/djs.du.ac.bd\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2981"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/djs.du.ac.bd\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2981\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/djs.du.ac.bd\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2981"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/djs.du.ac.bd\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2981"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/djs.du.ac.bd\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2981"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}